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Clinical Studies
Abstracts are presented below for clinical
studies on Indian Madder.
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Botanical Name: Rubia Cordifolia
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Ayurvedic Name: Manjishtha
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Common Name: Indian Madder
Plant Phytonutrient Profile
1: Reprod Domest Anim. 2007 Feb;42(1):29/33.
Effects of breed on follicular dynamics and oestradiol secretion during the
follicular phase in sheep.
Gonzalez/Anover P, Encinas T, Veiga/Lopez A, Ammoun I, Contreras I, Ros JM,
Ariznavarreta C, Tresguerres JA, Gonzalez/Bulnes A.
Departamento de Toxicologia y Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM. Avda.
Puerta de Hierro s/n. 28040/Madrid, Spain.
Current study evaluates effects from breed and management background on
follicular dynamics and endocrine output during the follicular phase of sheep
oestrous cycle. Follicular phases were synchronized with three cloprostenol
doses, 10 days apart, in three groups of 10 females of different non/prolific
Spanish breeds (Manchega, Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar). Development of
all follicles reaching antral diameters >or=2 mm was assessed by daily
transrectal ultrasonographies, whereas follicular function was evaluated by
measurement of plasma oestradiol concentrations. All the ovulatory follicles
were present at induced luteolysis in Manchega sheep, while a 93.7% were
detected in Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar ewes. The mean size of these
ovulatory follicles was similar between breeds at 0 h, but their growth rates
were higher in Manchega ewes, reaching a larger size at oestrous detection than
in Negra de Colmenar and Rubia del Molar sheep (p < 0.05). Conversely, the
oestradiol levels increased with time in Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar
(p < 0.05); whilst remained stable in Manchega females. However, the patterns of
follicular turnover were similar between breeds. These results indicate that,
though differences in follicular size and size distribution, patterns of
follicular turnover in sheep are affected neither by the breed nor by the
background of management and selection.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 17214770 [PubMed / in process]
2: Chem Biodivers. 2004 Sep;1(9):1241/64.
9,10/Anthraquinones and other biologically active compounds from the genus
Rubia.
Singh R; Geetanjali; Chauhan SM.
Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi/110 007, India.
singh_dr_ram@yahoo.com
The secondary metabolites isolated from Rubia species, their biological
activities, and colouration properties have been reviewed. Over 150 chemical
constituents belonging to different classes of bioactive compounds such as
anthraquinones and their glycosides, naphthoquinones and glycosides, terpenes,
bicyclic hexapeptides, iridoids, and carbohydrates are listed together with
their source(s) and corresponding references.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
Review
PMID: 17191903 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
3: Indian J Exp Biol. 2006 Dec;44(12):987/92.
Antihyperglycemic, antistress and nootropic activity of roots of Rubia
cordifolia Linn.
Patil RA, Jagdale SC, Kasture SB.
MAEERs Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Kothrud, Pune 411 038, India.
Effect of alcoholic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia was studied on elevated
blood glucose level in alloxan treated animals. The extract reduced the blood
sugar level raised by alloxan. Effect of alcoholic extract was also investigated
on cold restraint induced stress and on scopolamine/induced memory impairment.
Alcoholic extract enhanced brain gamma/amino/n/butyric acid (GABA) levels and
decreased brain dopamine and plasma corticosterone levels. Acidity and ulcers
caused due to cold restraint stress were inhibited by alcoholic extract. Animals
treated with alcoholic extract spent more time in open arm in elevated plus maze
model. It also antagonized scopolamine induced learning and memory impairment.
Baclofen induced catatonia was potentiated by alcoholic extract.
PMID: 17176672 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
4: J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2006 Sep 4;2:34.
An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants of Paphos and Larnaca countryside
of Cyprus.
Della A, Paraskeva/Hadjichambi D, Hadjichambis ACh.
Agricultural Research Institute, P,O, Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
d.chadjihambi@cytanet.com.cy.
ABSTRACT: An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants of Cyprus was carried
out in two sites. Paphos vine zone and Larnaca mixed farming zone. These are
among the areas in Cyprus whose inhabitants subsisted primarily on pastoralism
and agriculture and therefore still preserve the traditional knowledge on wild
edible plants.The information was collected for three/year period, in the
framework of the EU/funded RUBIA Project. Four hundred and thirteen interviews
have been administered to 89 informants of various ages and background
categories in 29 villages of Paphos site, and 8 in Larnaca site. A total of 78
species were recorded. Ethnographic data related to vernacular names,
traditional tools and recipes have also been recorded. A comparison of the data
collected from the two sites is undertaken. During this ethnobotanical research
it was verified that wild edibles play an important role in Cyprus in rural
people, however, it was realized that the transmission of folk uses of plants
decreased in the last generations. The research of ethnobotany should be
extended to other areas of Cyprus in order not only to preserve the traditional
knowledge related to plants but to make it available to future generations as
well.
PMID: 16995927 [PubMed / in process]
5: J Chromatogr A. 2006 Nov 10;1133(1/2):259/74. Epub 2006 Sep 8.
Identification and quantification of the constituents of madder root by gas
chromatography and high/performance liquid chromatography.
Boldizsar I, Szucs Z, Fuzfai Z, Molnar/Perl I.
Department of Plant Anatomy, L. Eotvos University, Pazmany Peter setany 1/C,
Budapest 1117, Hungary.
The possibilities in the identification and quantitation of the constituents of
Rubia tinctorum L.'s root, called also madder root, was described and compared
by gas chromatography (GC)/MS, high/performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC)/UV/photodiode array detection (DAD) and HPLC/MS: chromatographic analyses
were carried out in parallel, from the same samples/extracts/hydrolyzates.
Anthraquinone glycosides, anthraquinones, carboxylic acids and sugars were
determined directly in the presence of the matrix and in its extracts without
and subsequently to hydrolyses. Hydrolyses were performed as a function of time,
with hydrochloric and trifluoroacetic acids, as well as enzymatically. Data
revealed that as hydrolyzing agent trifluoroacetic acid is to be preferred.
Madder root's anthraquinones (pseudopurpurin/purpurin, alizarin, lucidin,
munjistin, nordamnacanthal) were identified on the basis of their absorption
spectra (HPLC/DAD) and fragmentation patterns by GC/MS and HPLC/MS, equally.
Reproducibility of anthraquinone's quantitation, by HPLC/DAD and GC/MS, in the
concentration ranges of 4 x 10(/5) to 3 x 10(/2)g/g dried sample, provided an
average reproducibility of 4.2% (varying between 0.9 and 9.4% relative standard
deviation (RSD percentages)). Carboxylic acids (malic, citric, quinic,
rosmarinic acids) and saccharides (xylose, ribose, fructose, glucose, sucrose,
primverose) were quantified as their trimethylsilyl (oxime) ether/ester
derivatives by GC/MS, in the concentration ranges of 10(/5)g to 10(/2)g/g dried
sample, with an average reproducibility of 4.7% RSD.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16962601 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
6: J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan 3;109(1):104/12. Epub 2006 Jul 14.
Evaluation of the wound healing effect of some Jordanian traditional medicinal
plants formulated in Pluronic F127 using mice (Mus musculus).
Khalil EA, Afifi FU, Al/Hussaini M.
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. ekayoub@ju.edu.jo
The wound healing effect of the aqueous extracts of Inula viscosa, Ajuga chia,
Rubia taenifolia and Parieteria diffusa, and the oil of Laurus nobilis,
dispersed in water, were examined. The 10% (w/w) Pluronic F127 (PF127) was added
to the applied preparations, in order to modify the aqueous extracts viscosity,
and to stabilize the oil dispersion. A full thickness wound was made in the
dorsal area of the mice. The wounds were treated with the different preparations
with 12h intervals for four times in two successive days. For 16 days, the
wounds were visually observed, photographically documented and the wound area
was measured. After day 16, the animals were sacrificed and the histology of the
wound area was examined. The best wound healing activity was observed with the
extract of Inula viscosa, followed by Parieteria diffusa, Laurus nobilis, Ajuga
chia and the least active extract was that of Rubia taenifolia.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16920296 [PubMed / in process]
7: Phytother Res. 2006 Oct;20(10):896/900.
Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity, in vitro and ex vivo, of
selected medicinal plants traditionally used in inflammatory diseases.
Basu S, Hazra B.
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700032,
India.
Steroidal and non/steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, despite their various side
effects, are in great demand worldwide. Alternatively, herbal formulations
provide relief to a large percentage of the population suffering from
inflammatory diseases. Therefore, such practices need to be rationalized through
a mechanistic approach. Thus, four traditional medicinal plants, namely
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn., Rubia cordifolia Linn., Lantana camara Linn. and
Morinda citrifolia Linn. were selected for a study on the inhibition of nitric
oxide (NO*), a key mediator in the phenomenon of inflammation, signifying the
presence of effective antiinflammatory constituents therein. Plant samples were
extracted with different solvents for evaluation of their inhibitory activity on
NO* produced in vitro from sodium nitroprusside, and in LPS/activated murine
peritoneal macrophages, ex vivo. Further, the inhibition of NO* synthesis was
correlated with the reduction of iNOS protein expression through Western blot.
Notable NO* scavenging activity was exhibited in vitro by some extracts of V.
madraspatana, R. cordifolia and L. camara (IC(50) < 0.2 mg/mL). Most of them
showed marked inhibition (60%/80%), ex vivo, at a dose of 80 microg/mL without
appreciable cytotoxic effect on the cultured macrophages. Immunoblot analysis
confirmed that the modulatory effect of the samples had occurred through
suppression of iNOS protein. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16909442 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
8: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Nov 3;108(1):133/41. Epub 2006 May 5.
Evaluation of the anti/proliferative properties of selected psoriasis/treating
Chinese medicines on cultured HaCaT cells.
Tse WP, Che CT, Liu K, Lin ZX.
School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, which affects approximately
2/3% of the population worldwide. The current conventional therapy cannot offer
satisfactory clinical results for most of the patients, largely due to the fact
that many anti/psoriatic drugs have serious side effects and psoriasis is prone
to developing drug resistance after long term exposure. Traditionally, Chinese
herbal medicine has been extensively used to treat psoriasis and produced
promising clinical results; however, its underlying mechanisms of action have
not been systematically investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate
those Chinese medicinal materials, which are commonly prescribed in Chinese
medicine practice for psoriasis, for their anti/proliferative effects on HaCaT
cells in vitro. Sixty Chinese medicinal materials were selected and extracted
with 80% aqueous ethanol. The dry extracts were evaluated for their
anti/proliferative activities by microplate SRB and MTT assays. Three Chinese
medicinal materials i.e. the root of Rubia cordifolia L. (Rubiaceae), Realgar
and the rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch. (Ranunculaceae) were found to have
significant anti/proliferative effects, with IC(50) being 1.4, 6.6 and 23.4
microg/ml, respectively as measured by MTT assay. While Realgar was also able to
modestly inhibit the growth of Hs/68 cells in vitro, Rubia cordifolia and Coptis
chinensis did not exert cytotoxicity to this human fibroblast cell line.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16730935 [PubMed / in process]
9: Mutat Res. 2006 Jun 16;605(1/2):22/29. Epub 2006 May 4.
The mutagenic potential of madder root in dyeing processes in the textile
industry.
Jager I, Hafner C, Welsch C, Schneider K, Iznaguen H, Westendorf J.
Hydrotox GmbH, Botzinger Strasse 29, D/79111 Freiburg, Germany.
The roots of Rubia tinctorum L. have a long tradition of being used in dyeing
processes of textiles from centuries ago until the present time. The colouring
principles belong to the class of hydroxyanthraquinones. Concern arose because
several of these compounds were recognised as mutagenic in vitro and even
carcinogenic in rodents. To assess the possible risk to humans caused by
coloured textiles, mutagenicity was investigated with two madder root samples of
different origin (Iran and Bhutan) along the entire dyeing process from root
extracts to the dyed wool. The Salmonella/microsome test (Ames assay) with the
strains TA98, TA100 and TA1537 was used. Significant mutagenic effects could be
detected in madder root extracts and also in the final product, the dyed wool.
Madder root from Iran showed considerably higher mutagenic responses than
samples from Bhutan. Analytical investigations of the extracts by HPLC showed
the presence of a spectrum of anthraquinones typical for madder root. Three
mutagenic compounds, lucidine, rubiadine and purpuroxanthine, together with the
non/mutagenic alizarine could be detected. The mutagenic response of the
different samples was positively correlated with the concentration of the
mutagenic anthraquinones, and with lucidine in particular. Based on these
investigations a risk to dye/house workers and users of textiles dyed with R.
tinctorum must be anticipated.
PMID: 16678474 [PubMed / as supplied by publisher]
10: Phytother Res. 2006 Jun;20(6):490/2.
Antimicrobial activity of common madder (Rubia tinctorum L.).
Kalyoncu F, Cetin B, Saglam H.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Celal Bayar University,
Manisa, Turkey.
In this study, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and water extracts of Rubia
tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae) were tested for antimicrobial activity by the disc
diffusion method. From the present study it was found that Rubia tinctorum L.
revealed antimicrobial activity against some Gram (+) and Gram (/) bacteria,
yeasts, filamentous fungi and actinomycetes.
PMID: 16619348 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
11: J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;58(4):503/12.
Rubiae Radix suppresses the activation of mast cells through the inhibition of
Syk kinase for anti/allergic activity.
Lee JH, Kim NW, Her E, Kim BK, Hwang KH, Choi DK, Lim BO, Han JW, Kim YM, Choi
WS.
College of Medicine and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk
University, Chungju 380/701, Korea.
The effect of extracts from various Oriental medicinal herbs on
mast/cell/mediated allergic reactions was investigated in this study. Of these
extracts, the medicinal herb Rubiae Radix exhibited the most potent activity in
the cells, with an IC50 value (concentration necessary to obtain 50% inhibition
of the response) of approximately 35 +// 2.1 microg mL(/1), and its inhibition
of compound/48/80/induced systemic anaphylaxis by 48.6 +// 8.5% at 300 mg kg(/1)
in mice. It also inhibited the expression of the pro/inflammatory mediator
tumour necrosis factor/alpha (TNF/alpha). As for its mechanism of action, Rubiae
Radix suppressed the activating phosphorylation of Syk, a key enzyme in
mast/cell signalling processes, and that of Akt in a dose/dependent manner. It
also inhibited the MAP kinase ERK1/2, which is critical for the production of
inflammatory cytokines in mast cells, as indicated by the suppression of the
activating phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These results suggest that Rubiae Radix
suppresses the activation of mast cells through the inhibition of Syk for
anti/allergic activity.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16597368 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Theriogenology. 2006 Sep 1;66(4):896/905. Epub 2006 Apr 3.
Effects of breed on kinetics of ovine FSH and ovarian response in superovulated
sheep.
Ammoun I, Encinas T, Veiga/Lopez A, Ros JM, Contreras I, Gonzalez/Anover P,
Cocero MJ, McNeilly AS, Gonzalez/Bulnes A.
Departamento de Toxicologia y Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, Avda.
Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Embryo production is a useful tool for ex situ conservation of endangered
species and breeds, despite a high variability in the ovarian response to
superovulatory treatments. The current study evaluated the incidence and
mechanisms of genetic factors in such variability, by determining the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a standard treatment with ovine FSH
(oFSH) in two endangered Spanish sheep breeds (Rubia del Molar, R, and Negra de
Colmenar, N) in comparison to Manchega ewes (M, control group). In the first
experiment, pharmacokinetics of an i.m. single dose of 1.32mg of oFSH was
evaluated in seven animals of each breed. Plasma FSH concentrations reached
their maximum at 4h post/administration in all the ewes, but several of the
kinetic parameters (plasma FSH concentration at 4h post/administration, maximum
plasma FSH concentration, C(max), and both the area under the plasma
concentration/time curve extrapolated to the infinite, AUC(inf), and to the last
moment of sampling, AUC(last)) were higher in the N group. In the second trial,
10 animals of each breed were superovulated using eight decreasing doses of oFSH
(3x 1.32mg, 2x 1.10mg, and 3x 0.88mg). The R group, when compared to N and M,
showed both a higher number of corpora lutea (13.7+//0.6 versus 10.0+//0.4 in N
and 9.8+//0.6 in M, P<0.05 for both) and embryos (7.9+//0.8 versus 4.3+//0.4 in
N, P<0.05, and 6.7+//0.5 in M, n.s.). Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and dynamic
parameters showed that, although there was a trend for a higher hormone
availability in R sheep, mean FSH plasma concentrations were similar between
breeds (0.54+//0.08ng/ml for R, 0.45+//0.05ng/ml for N and 0.35+//0.05ng/ml for
M). However, differences were found in the number of preovulatory follicles
growing in response to the FSH treatment between R (24.4+//2.2), M (18.9+//1.5,
n.s.) and N sheep (14.1+//1.4; P<0.01). Thus, differences in embryo yields
between breeds would be related to differences in the pattern of follicular
growth in response to FSH treatment.
PMID: 16580718 [PubMed / in process]
13: J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2006 Mar 24;2:16.
Circum/Mediterranean cultural heritage and medicinal plant uses in traditional
animal healthcare: a field survey in eight selected areas within the RUBIA
project.
Pieroni A, Giusti ME, de Pasquale C, Lenzarini C, Censorii E, Gonzales/Tejero
MR, Sanchez/Rojas CP, Ramiro/Gutierrez JM, Skoula M, Johnson C, Sarpaki A, Della
A, Paraskeva/Hadijchambi D, Hadjichambis A, Hmamouchi M, El/Jorhi S,
El/Demerdash M, El/Zayat M, Al/Shahaby O, Houmani Z, Scherazed M.
SCH Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University and Research
Centres, Postbus 8060 6700 DA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
a.pieroni@bradford.ac.uk
During the years 2003/2005, a comparative ethnobotanical field survey was
conducted on remedies used in traditional animal healthcare in eight
Mediterranean areas. The study sites were selected within the EU/funded RUBIA
project, and were as follows: the upper Kelmend Province of Albania; the
Capannori area in Eastern Tuscany and the Bagnocavallo area of Romagna, Italy;
Cercle de Ouezanne, Morocco; Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche Natural Park in
the province of Huelva, Spain; the St. Catherine area of the Sinai Peninsula,
Egypt; Eastern and Western Crete, Greece; the Paphos and Larnaca areas of
Cyprus; and the Mitidja area of Algeria.One hundred and thirty/six veterinary
preparations and 110 plant taxa were recorded in the survey, with Asteraceae and
Lamiaceae being the most quoted botanical families. For certain plant species
the survey uncovered veterinary phytotherapeutical indications that were very
uncommon, and to our knowledge never recorded before. These include Anabasis
articulata (Chenopodiaceae), Cardopatium corymbosum (Asteraceae), Lilium
martagon (Liliaceae), Dorycnium rectum (Fabaceae), Oenanthe pimpinelloides
(Apiaceae), Origanum floribundum (Lamiaceae), Tuberaria lignosa (Cistaceae), and
Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae). These phytotherapeutical indications are
briefly discussed in this report, taking into account modern phytopharmacology
and phytochemistry.The percentage of overall botanical veterinary taxa recorded
in all the study areas was extremely low (8%), however when all taxa belonging
to the same botanical genus are considered, this portion increases to 17%.
Nevertheless, very few plant uses were found to be part of a presumed
"Mediterranean" cultural heritage in veterinary practices, which raises critical
questions about the concept of Mediterraneanism in ethnobotany and suggests that
further discussion is required.Nearly the half of the recorded veterinary plant
uses for mammals uncovered in this survey have also been recorded in the same
areas in human folk medicine, suggesting a strong link between human and
veterinary medical practices, and perhaps also suggesting the adaptive origins
of a few medical practices. Since most of the recorded data concern remedies for
treating cattle, sheep, goats, and camels, it would be interesting to test a few
of the recorded phytotherapeuticals in the future, to see if they are indeed
able to improve animal healthcare in breeding environments, or to raise the
quality of dairy and meat products in the absence of classical, industrial,
veterinary pharmaceuticals.
PMID: 16563158 [PubMed]
14: Org Lett. 2005 Dec 22;7(26):5865/8.
Pericyclic reactions of prenylated naphthoquinones: biomimetic syntheses of
mollugin and microphyllaquinone.
Lumb JP, Trauner D.
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA.
[reaction: see text] A total synthesis of the bioactive naphthohydroquinone
mollugin and the related naphthoquinone dimer microphyllaquinone is described.
Both syntheses exploit the propensity of prenylated quinones to undergo
tautomerization/oxa 6pi/electrocyclizations.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non/P.H.S.
PMID: 16354086 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Acta Pharm Hung. 2004;74(3):142/8.
[Examination of the anthraquinone composition in root/stock and root samples of
Rubia tinctorium L. plants of different origins]
[Article in Hungarian]
Boldizsar I, Laszlo/Bencsik A, Szucs Z, Danos B.
Eotvos Lorand Tudomanyegyetem Novenyszervezettani Tanszek, Budapest, Pazmany
Peter setany 1/C. / 1117.
The aim of our work was to identify the anthraquinone derivatives in the
underground organs (root/stock and root) of the madder root live plant sortiment
Rubia tinctorium L, furthermore to isolate populations the anthraquinone
compostitions of which are optimal from therapeutical point of view. In the
course of the examinations, we studied the anthraquinone composition in
root/stock and root samples of plants originating from 11 different habitats.
The identification of the anthraquinone derivatives we carried out after the
hydrolysis of these samples with HCl solution, by HPLC method and by use of
UV/VIS spectrophotometric and mass spectrometric detection. In the samples we
identified 6 anthraquinone/aglicones. The main components were alizarin
(9.6/21.8 mg/g), purpurin (3.7/12.3 mg/g), and lucidin (1.8/5.7 mg/g). The total
anthraquinone/derivative content varied between 15.6 and 39.4 mg/g. After the
evaluation of the results it can be stated that from therapeutical point of view
the most favourable biggest ratio of total anthraquinone amount/lucidin amount
(11.97) and one of the biggest total anthraquinone/derivative contents (38.1
mg/g) are found in the Rubia tinctorium sample marked R02 originating from
Aachen (Germany). These results enable us at the same time to find//through the
establishment of further collections and through the exploration of the
biodiversity of these//basic material with more favourable composition than at
present, especially in relation to lucidin derivatives which are risk factors.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 16318223 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
16: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2005 Oct/Nov;43(10/11):921/8. Epub 2005 Oct 3.
Characterization of lucidin formation in Rubia tinctorum L.
Nakanishi F, Nagasawa Y, Kabaya Y, Sekimoto H, Shimomura K.
Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184/8501, Japan.
fuminaka@u/gakugei.ac.jp
In order to approach lucidin formation (a strong mutagen or a carcinogen) from a
physiological standpoint, hairy roots of Rubia tinctorum L. were established by
a transformation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 15834 and cultured in a
liquid woody plant medium without plant hormones. The anthraquinone pigment
composition of the intact hairy roots was essentially the same as that of the
intact non/transformed (normal) roots, in which lucidin O/beta/D/primeveroside
(LuP) was one of the major pigments. Lucidin was scarcely detected in the intact
hairy roots, but was a main pigment after the squash treatment. The crude
protein extract of intact hairy roots exhibited LuP/glycosidase activity (an
activity converting LuP to lucidin). This activity was also detected in the
roots of the normal plants at a high level, but slightly in the stems and not in
the leaves. Methyl jasmonate enhanced the LuP production and LuP/glycosidase
activity in the hairy roots. On the other hand, ethephon or salicylic acid had
either no effect or rather an inhibitory effect on them. After partial
purification of LuP glycosidase, the resultant active fraction producing a major
band with an apparent Mr of 68 kDa exhibited the substrate specificity for both
aglycon and sugar/moiety. The sugar released from LuP by this fraction was
neither D/glucose nor D/xylose and was hydrolyzed into them. These results
suggest that LuP specific beta/primeverosidase (EC 3.2.1.149) exists in the
roots of R. tinctorum and is involved in the systematic defense system.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16310368 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
17: J Environ Sci (China). 2005;17(2):294/300.
Metal bioaccumulation in plant leaves from an industrious area and the botanical
garden in Beijing.
Liu YJ, Ding H, Zhu YG.
Beijing Centre for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, China.
liuyanju@hotmail.com
The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, and As were measured in soils
and leaves from 21 plant species growing on hills near the Beijing Steel Factory
(BSF) and 17 plant species in the Beijing Botanical Garden (BBG). The results
showed that soils from BSF were Zn contaminated according to the threshold of
natural background of China. There was a metal contamination of the soils by Ni,
and Cr in BSF comparing with those in BBG. The comparison between concentrations
of metals in leaves from both sites indicated that, in general, accumulation of
metals in the leaves of the same species was significantly different between the
two sites. Even within the same locality each species accumulation of metals was
significantly variable. The study aimed to screen landscape plants for the
capacity to clean/up toxic metals in soils, and developed an overall metal
accumulation index (MAI) for leaves and then categorized the MAI that can be
applied broadly in the selection of species in polluted areas. To do this, the
spectrum of MAI values were divided into four classes: strongly accumulated (SA
or grade I), moderately accumulated (MA or grade II), intermediately accumulated
(IA or grade III), and weakly accumulated (WA or grade IV). The results showed
that elemental association between Fe, Al, Ni, and As was generally highly
correlated with each other in the sampling sites. This may suggest their common
biochemical characteristics. Generally, those species containing strong and
moderate accumulation in both sites are considered including Vitex negundo,
Broussonetia papyrifera, Ulmus pumila, and Rubia cordifolia. At BSF and other
industrial sites with a similar ecosystem, strong and moderate accumulation
species include Sophora japonica, Ampelopsis aconitifolia var. glabra,
Platycladus orientalis, Wikstroemia chamaedaphne, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Grewia
biloba, and in BBG, in addition Setaria viridis, Cotinus coggygria, Lespedeza
floribunda, Rhamnus parvifolia, Lespedeza tomentosa.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16295909 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Phytother Res. 2005 Oct;19(10):888/94.
Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn.,
Rubia cordifolia Linn. and Lantana camara Linn.: isolation of emodin and
physcion as active antibacterial agents.
Basu S, Ghosh A, Hazra B.
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700 032,
India.
The antibacterial activity of the extracts of Ventilago madraspatana stem/bark,
Rubia cordifolia root and Lantana camara root/bark, prepared with solvents of
different polarity, was evaluated by the agar/well diffusion method. Twelve
bacteria, six each of gram/positive and gram/negative strains, were used in this
study. Chloroform and ethanol extracts of V. madraspatana showed broad/spectrum
activity against most of the bacteria except S. aureus, E. coli and V. cholerae.
On the other hand, the activity of the chloroform and methanol extracts of R.
cordifolia and L. camara was found to be more specific towards the gram/positive
strains, although gram/negative P. aeruginosa was also inhibited by the methanol
extracts of both these plants in a dose dependent manner. The water extracts of
V. madraspatana and L. camara were found to be inactive, while that of R.
cordifolia was significantly active against B. subtilis and S. aureus compared
with streptomycin and penicillin G used as standards. In the course of bio/assay
guided fractionation, emodin and physcion were isolated for the first time from
the stem/bark of V. madraspatana. It was noteworthy to find the MICs of emodin
in the range 0.5/2.0 microg/mL against three Bacillus sp. Both the
anthraquinonoid compounds inhibited P. aeruginosa, emodin being more effective,
showing an MIC of 70 microg/mL. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16261521 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
19: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Feb 20;103(3):484/90. Epub 2005 Oct 5.
Hepatoprotective effects of rubiadin, a major constituent of Rubia cordifolia
Linn.
Rao GM, Rao CV, Pushpangadan P, Shirwaikar A.
Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research
Institute, Lucknow 226 001, Uttarpradesh, India. mmraos@rediffmail.com
The hepatoprotective effects of rubiadin, a major constituent isolated from
Rubia cordifolia Linn., were evaluated against carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4)/induced hepatic damage in rats. Rubiadin at a dose of 50, 100 and 200
mg/kg was administered orally once daily for 14 days. The substantially elevated
serum enzymatic activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT),
serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP)
and gamma/glutamyltransferase (gamma/GT) due to carbon tetrachloride treatment
were dose dependently restored towards normalization. Meanwhile, the decreased
activities of glutathione S/transferase and glutathione reductase were also
restored towards normalization. In addition, rubiadin also significantly
prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde formation and depletion of
reduced glutathione content in the liver of CCl4 intoxicated rats in a dose
dependent manner. Silymarin used as standard reference also exhibited
significant hepatoprotective activity on post treatment against carbon
tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The biochemical observations were
supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections. The
results of this study strongly indicate that rubiadin has a potent
hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in
rats.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16213120 [PubMed / in process]
20: Phytother Res. 2005 Jul;19(7):649/51.
In vitro anticancer activity of twelve Chinese medicinal herbs.
Shoemaker M, Hamilton B, Dairkee SH, Cohen I, Campbell MJ.
Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
Aqueous extracts of 12 Chinese medicinal herbs, Anemarrhena asphodeloides,
Artemisia argyi, Commiphora myrrha, Duchesnea indica, Gleditsia sinensis,
Ligustrum lucidum, Rheum palmatum, Rubia cordifolia, Salvia chinensis,
Scutellaria barbata, Uncaria rhychophylla and Vaccaria segetalis were evaluated
for their antiproliferative activity on eight cancer cell lines as well as on
normal human mammary epithelial cells. Five human and three murine cancer cell
lines representing different tissues (breast, lung, pancreas and prostate) were
used. All the crude aqueous extracts demonstrated growth inhibitory activity on
some or all of the cancer cell lines, but only two showed activity against the
normal mammary epithelial cells. Overall, the murine cell lines tended to be
more sensitive to most of the extracts compared with the human cell lines. Among
the human cell lines, cell type specificity was observed for two extracts. These
results indicate the potential use of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs as
antineoplastic agents and suggest that further studies evaluating their
mechanism(s) of action and the isolation of active antitumor compounds are
warranted.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16161030 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2003 Mar;2(1):25/39.
Plant medicines of Indian origin for wound healing activity: a review.
Biswas TK, Mukherjee B.
Department of Sharira Kriya, J. B. Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College and
Hospital.
Research on wound healing drugs is a developing area in modern biomedical
sciences. Scientists who are trying to develop newer drugs from natural
resources are looking toward the Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of
medicine. Several drugs of plant, mineral, and animal origin are described in
the Ayurveda for their wound healing properties under the term Vranaropaka. Most
of these drugs are derived from plant origin. Some of these plants have been
screened scientifically for the evaluation of their wound healing activity in
different pharmacological models and patients, but the potential of most remains
unexplored. In a few cases, active chemical constituents were identified. Some
Ayurvedic medicinal plants, namely, Ficus bengalensis, Cynodon dactylon,
Symplocos racemosa, Rubia cordifolia, Pterocarpus santalinus, Ficus racemosa,
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica,
Euphorbia nerifolia, and Aloe vera, were found to be effective in experimental
models. This paper presents a limited review of plants used in Ayurvedic
medicine.
PMID: 15866825 [PubMed]
22: Biotech Histochem. 2005 Jan/Feb;80(1):15/20.
Staining human lymphocytes and onion root cell nuclei with madder root.
Cucer N, Guler N, Demirtas H, Imamoglu N.
Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri,
Turkey. ncucer@erciyes.edu.tr
We performed staining experiments on cells using natural dyes and different
mordants using techniques that are used for wool and silk dyeing. The natural
dye sources were madder root, daisy, corn cockle and yellow weed. Ferrous
sulfate, copper sulfate, potassium tartrate, urea, potassium aluminum sulfate
and potassium dichromate were used as mordants. Distilled water, distilled water
plus ethanol, heptane, and distilled water plus methanol were used as solvents.
All dye/mordant/solvent combinations were studied at pH 2.4, 3.2 and 4.2. The
generic staining procedure was to boil 5/10 onion roots or stimulated human
lymphocyte (SHL) preparations in a dye bath on a hot plate. Cells were examined
at every half hour. For multicolor staining, madder/dyed lymphocytes were
decolorized, then stained with Giemsa. The AgNOR technique was performed
following the decolorization of Giemsa stained lymphocytes. Good results were
obtained for both onion root cells and lymphocytes that were boiled for 3 h in a
dye bath that included 4 g madder root, 4 g ferrous sulfate as mordant in 50 ml
of 1:1 (v/v) methanol:distilled water. The pH was adjusted to 4.2 with 6 ml
acetic acid. We conclude that madder root has potential as an alternative dye
for staining biological materials.
PMID: 15804822 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
23: Fitoterapia. 2005 Mar;76(2):244/6.
Antifungal activity of Rubia tinctorum, Rhamnus frangula and Caloplaca cerina.
Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S, Milosev M.
Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O.Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac,
Serbia and Montenegro. ntm@knez.uis.kg.ac.yu
The results of a preliminary antifungal screening of the methanol extracts and
the major anthraquinone aglycones, alizarin and emodin, of Rubia tinctorum and
Rhamnus frangula in comparison with the antifungal activity of the
anthraquinone/containing lichen Caloplaca cerina and its main secondary
metabolite parietin are reported.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15752641 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
24: J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Mar 9;127(9):2870/1.
Biomimetic synthesis and structure elucidation of rubicordifolin, a cytotoxic
natural product from Rubia cordifolia.
Lumb JP, Trauner D.
Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry,
University of California, Berkeley, California 94720/1460, USA.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non/P.H.S.
PMID: 15740120 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
25: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 29;52(26):7884/90.
Antioxidant phenolic constituents in roots of Rheum officinale and Rubia
cordifolia: structure/radical scavenging activity relationships.
Cai Y, Sun M, Xing J, Corke H.
Departments of Botany and Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road,
Hong Kong,
The phenolic constituents in the roots of Rheum officinale and Rubia cordifolia
were identified with the aid of high/performance liquid chromatography and
liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and by comparison with authentic
standards. A total of 17 hydroxyanthraquinones, gallic acid, and tannins were
separated, and 14 of them were identified, being the main phenolic constituents
present. Their antioxidant activity (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) was
evaluated using the improved 2,2/azino/bis(3/ethylbenzothiazoline/6/sulfonic
acid)diammonium salt method. Hydroxyanthraquinones were the predominant
antioxidant phenolic constituents in the roots of R. cordifolia, and tannins and
gallic acid were the predominant antioxidant phenolic constituents in the roots
of R. officinale. The structure/radical scavenging activity relationships of the
tested hydroxyanthraquinones were systematically demonstrated as follows:
Hydroxy groups on one benzene ring of the anthraquinone structure were essential
for hydroxyanthraquinones to show activity, the ortho/dihydroxy structure in the
hydroxyanthraquinone molecules could greatly enhance their radical scavenging
effect, and glycosylation of the hydroxyanthraquinones reduced activity.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15612771 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
26: Phytochem Anal. 2004 Nov/Dec;15(6):397/406.
Two validated HPLC methods for the quantification of alizarin and other
anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum cultivars.
Derksen GC, Lelyveld GP, van Beek TA, Capelle A, de Groot AE.
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Natural Products Chemistry Group, Wageningen
University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Direct and indirect HPLC/UV methods for the quantitative determination of
anthraquinones in dried madder root have been developed, validated and compared.
In the direct method, madder root was extracted twice with refluxing
ethanol/water. This method allowed the determination of the two major native
anthraquinone glycosides lucidin primeveroside and ruberythric acid. In the
indirect extraction method, the anthraquinone glycosides were first converted
into aglycones by endogenous enzymes and the aglycones were subsequently
extracted with tetrahydrofuran/water and then analysed. In this case the
anthraquinones alizarin, purpurin and nordamnacanthal may be determined. The
content of nordamnacanthal is proportional to the amount of lucidin
primeveroside originally present. The indirect extraction method is easier to
apply. Different madder cultivars were screened for their anthraquinone content.
Publication Types:
Validation Studies
PMID: 15599964 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
27: BMC Dermatol. 2004 Oct 27;4(1):15.
An evaluation of UV protection imparted by cotton fabrics dyed with natural
colorants.
Sarkar AK.
Design and Merchandising, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,
USA. sarkar@cahs.colostate.edu
BACKGROUND: The ultraviolet properties of textiles dyed with synthetic dyes have
been widely reported in literature. However, no study has investigated the
ultraviolet properties of natural fabrics dyed with natural colorants. This
study reports the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of cotton fabrics dyed
with colorants of plant and insect origins. METHODS: Three cotton fabrics were
dyed with three natural colorants. Fabrics were characterized with respect to
fabric construction, weight, thickness and thread count. Influence of fabric
characteristics on Ultraviolet Protection Factor was studied. Role of colorant
concentration on the ultraviolet protection factor was examined via color
strength analysis. RESULTS: A positive correlation was observed between the
weight of the fabric and their UPF values. Similarly, thicker fabrics offered
more protection from ultraviolet rays. Thread count appears to negatively
correlate with UPF. Dyeing with natural colorants dramatically increased the
protective abilities of all three fabric constructions. Additionally, within the
same fabric type UPF values increased with higher depths of shade. CONCLUSION:
Dyeing cotton fabrics with natural colorants increases the ultraviolet
protective abilities of the fabrics and can be considered as an effective
protection against ultraviolet rays. The UPF is further enhanced with colorant
of dark hues and with high concentration of the colorant in the fabric.
Publication Types:
Evaluation Studies
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non/P.H.S.
PMID: 15509304 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
28: Bioresour Technol. 2005 Feb;96(3):363/72.
Isolation of colour components from native dye/bearing plants in northeastern
India.
Bhuyan R, Saikia CN.
Regional Research Laboratory, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,
Jorhat 785006, India.
Recently dyes derived from natural sources have emerged as important
alternatives to synthetic dyes. A study was initiated in the year 2000 at the
RRL (CSIR), Jorhat to extract dyes from parts of five different plant species
indigenous to northeastern India. The colour components responsible for dyeing
were isolated and their chemical constituents were established based on chemical
and spectroscopic investigations. The principal colour components from the
species Morinda angustifolia Roxb., Rubia cordifolia Linn. and Tectona grandis
Linn. were found to contain mainly anthraquinone moieties in their molecules.
Those from the species Mimusops elengi Linn. and Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight
& Arn. contained flavonoid moieties in their molecules. The absorption of dye
(%) on fibres increased with increasing concentrations of dye in the dye/bath.
Maximum absorption of dyes on fibres was obtained at 3% concentration of dyes
obtained from R. cordfolia (35.350%), M. angustifolia (31.580%) and T. grandis
(25.888%) and at 4% concentration of the dyes from M. elengi (31.917%) and T.
arjuna (12.246%). The K/S values were found to increase with the increase in
concentration of mordants. The colour co/ordinates of dyed samples were found to
lie in the yellow/red quadrant of the colour space diagram. The dyes obtained
from the native plants may be alternative sources to synthetic dyes for the
dyeing of natural silk and cotton.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15474939 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
29: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Nov 12;324(2):588/96.
Effect of Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica linn, and Tinospora cordifolia on
free radical generation and lipid peroxidation during oxygen/glucose deprivation
in rat hippocampal slices.
Rawal A, Muddeshwar M, Biswas S.
SMV Center for Biotechnology, Sindhu Mahavidyalaya, Panchpaoli, Nagpur, MS
440017, India.
The major damaging factor during and after the ischemic/hypoxic insult is the
generation of free radicals, which leads to apoptosis, necrosis, and ultimately
cell death. Rubia cordifolia (RC), Fagonia cretica linn (FC), and Tinospora
cordifolia (TC) have been reported to contain a wide variety of antioxidants and
have been in use in the eastern system of medicine for various disorders.
Hippocampal slices were subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) and
divided into three groups, control, OGD, and OGD+drug treated. Cytosolic reduced
glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide [NO, measured as nitrite (NO2)]. EPR was used to
establish the antioxidant effect of RC, FC, and TC with respect to superoxide
anion (O*2/), hydroxyl radicals (*OH), nitric oxide (NO) radical, and
peroxynitrite anion (ONOO/) generated from pyrogallol, menadione, DETA/NO, and
Sin/1, respectively. RT/PCR was performed for the three herbs to assess their
effect on the expression of gamma/glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLC), iNOS, and
GAPDH gene expression. All the three herbs were effective in elevating the GSH
levels and expression of the GCLC. The herbs also exhibited strong free radical
scavenging properties against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as revealed
by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, diminishing the expression of
iNOS gene. RC, FC, and TC therefore attenuate oxidative stress mediated cell
injury during OGD and exert the above effects at both the cytosolic as well as
at gene expression levels and may be effective therapeutic tool against ischemic
brain damage.
PMID: 15474468 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
30: BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Aug 13;4:11.
Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica linn and Tinospora cordifolia exert
neuroprotection by modulating the antioxidant system in rat hippocampal slices
subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation.
Rawal AK, Muddeshwar MG, Biswas SK.
SMV Center for Biotechnology, Sindhu Mahavidyalaya, Panchpaoli, Nagpur/440017,
MS, India. akrawal@rediffmail.com
BACKGROUND: The major damaging factor during and after the ischemic/hypoxic
insult is the generation of free radicals, which leads to apoptosis, necrosis
and ultimately cell death. Rubia cordifolia (RC), Fagonia cretica linn (FC) and
Tinospora cordifolia (TC) have been reported to contain a wide variety of
antioxidants and have been in use in the eastern system of medicine for various
disorders. However, their mechanism of action was largely unknown. We therefore
selected these herbs for the present study to test their neuroprotective ability
and the associated mechanism in rat hippocampal slices subjected to
oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). METHODS: Hippocampal Slices were subjected to
OGD (oxygen glucose deprivation) and divided into 3 groups: control, OGD and OGD
+ drug treated. Cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), reduced
glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO) was measured
as nitrite (NO2) in the supernatant and protein assays were performed in the
respective groups at various time intervals. EPR was used to establish the
antioxidant effect of RC, FC and TC with respect to superoxide anion (O2./),
hydroxyl radicals (. OH), nitric oxide (NO) radical and peroxynitrite anion
(ONOO) generated from pyrogallol, menadione, DETA/NO and Sin/1 respectively.
RT/PCR was performed for the three groups for GCLC, iNOS, Cu/Zn SOD and GAPDH
gene expression. RESULTS: All the three herbs were effective in elevating the
GSH levels, expression of the gamma/glutamylcysteine ligase and Cu/Zn SOD genes.
The herbs also exhibited strong free radical scavenging properties against
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as studied by electron paramagnetic
resonance spectroscopy. In addition all the three herbs significantly diminished
the expression of iNOS gene after 48 hours which plays a major role in neuronal
injury during hypoxia/ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: RC, FC and TC therefore attenuate
oxidative stress mediated cell injury during OGD and exert the above effects at
both the cytosolic as well as at gene expression level and may be an effective
therapeutic tool against ischemic brain damage.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
PMID: 15310392 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
31: J Org Chem. 2004 Mar 5;69(5):1481/6.
Synthesis of [Gly/1]RA/VII, [Gly/2]RA/VII, and [Gly/4]RA/VII. Glycine/containing
analogues of RA/VII, an antitumor bicyclic hexapeptide from Rubia plants.
Hitotsuyanagi Y, Hasuda T, Aihara T, Ishikawa H, Yamaguchi K, Itokawa H, Takeya
K.
School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432/1
Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192/0392, Japan.
Three analogues of RA/VII (1), an antitumor bicyclic hexapeptide from Rubia
plants, were synthesized. Three analogues, [Gly/1]RA/VII (4), [Gly/2]RA/VII (5),
and [Gly/4]RA/VII (6), in which one of the three alanine residues in 1 was
replaced by a glycine residue, were prepared by linking of the
cycloisodityrosine unit, obtained by degradation of 1, to three different
glycine/containing tetrapeptides followed by macrocyclization. Of these three
analogues, analogue 4 showed the highest cytotoxic activity. The NMR study
revealed that in solution the conformer structures and their ratios of analogue
4 were very similar to those of natural peptide 1, suggesting that the methyl
groups at Ala/2 and Ala/4 should be essential for producing the bioactive
conformation, whereas that at D/Ala/1 is not essential.
PMID: 14987000 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
32: Fitoterapia. 2003 Dec;74(7/8):682/5.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Onosma argentatum and Rubia
peregrina.
Ozgen U, Houghton PJ, Ogundipe Y, Coskun M.
Ataturk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Erzurum
25240, Turkey.
The n/hexane/dichloromethane (1:1) extract of the roots of Onosma argentatum and
the methanol extract (partitioned between water and chloroform, ethyl acetate
and n/butanol, respectively), of the underground parts (roots and rhizomes) of
Rubia peregrina were tested in vitro for their antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities. The highest antioxidant activity (98%) was observed at 0.1%
concentration for the roots of O. argentatum. It was 96% at 0.25% concentration
on the ethyl acetate fraction of R. peregrina. O. argentatum extract was
effective on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The
ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of R. peregrina were effective on S.
aureus and E. coli, respectively. These two species did not have any antifungal
activity.
PMID: 14630173 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
33: Planta. 2003 Jul;217(3):349/55. Epub 2003 Feb 18.
Effects of Ca(2+) channel blockers and protein kinase/phosphatase inhibitors on
growth and anthraquinone production in Rubia cordifolia callus cultures
transformed by the rolB and rolC genes.
Bulgakov VP, Tchernoded GK, Mischenko NP, Shkryl YN, Glazunov VP, Fedoreyev SA,
Zhuravlev YN.
Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, 159 Stoletija Str., 690022, Vladivostok, Russia. bulgakov@ibss.dvo.ru
The transformation of Rubia cordifolia L. cells by the 35S/ rolB and 35S/ rolC
genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes caused a growth inhibition of the resulting
cultures and an induction of the biosynthesis of anthraquinone/type
phytoalexins. Inhibitor studies revealed a striking difference between the rolC/
and rolB/gene/transformed cultures in their sensitivity to verapamil, an L/type
Ca(2+) channel blocker. The rolC culture possessed a 2/fold lowered resistance
to the inhibitor than the normal culture, while the rolB culture was 4/fold more
resistant to the treatment. Additionally, growth of the rolC culture was totally
inhibited when the culture was grown in Ca(2+)/free medium, whereas growth of
the rolB culture was reduced by less than half. We interpreted these results as
evidence for a lack of calcium homeostasis in both transgenic cultures.
Anthraquinone (AQ) production was not inhibited in the normal or transformed
cultures by the Ca(2+) channel blockers verapamil and LaCl(3), or by diphenylene
iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, or by the protein kinase inhibitor
staurosporine. These results indicate that the induction of AQ production in
non/transgenic and transgenic cultures does not proceed through the activation
of the common Ca(2+)/dependent NADPH oxidase pathway that mediates signal
transduction between an elicitor/receptor complex via transcriptional activation
of defense genes. Okadaic acid and cantharidin, inhibitors of protein
phosphatases 1 and 2A, caused an increase in AQ production in transgenic
cultures. Okadaic acid stimulated AQ accumulation in the non/transformed
culture, whereas cantharidin had no effect. These results show that different
phosphatases are involved in AQ synthesis in normal and transgenic cultures of
R. cordifolia.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 14520561 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
34: Biochemistry (Mosc). 2003 Jul;68(7):795/801.
Increase in anthraquinone content in Rubia cordifolia cells transformed by rol
genes does not involve activation of the NADPH oxidase signaling pathway.
Bulgakov VP, Tchernoded GK, Mischenko NP, Shkryl YN, Glazunov VP, Fedoreyev SA,
Zhuravlev YN.
Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia. bulgakov@ibss.dvo.ru
It has been reported that rol plant oncogenes located in Ri/plasmids of
Agrobacterium rhizogenes activated synthesis of secondary metabolites in the
transformed plant cells. The activator mechanism is still unknown. In this work,
we studied whether the NADPH oxidase/signaling pathway, which regulates the
synthesis of defense metabolites in plants, is involved in the activator
function of the rol genes. It was demonstrated that the transformation of Rubia
cordifolia cells by the rolB and rolC genes caused an induction of biosynthesis
of anthraquinone/type phytoalexins. Inhibition studies revealed a striking
difference between the rolC and rolB transformed cultures in their sensitivity
to Ca2+ channel blockers and calcium deficiency. The rolC culture displayed
lowered resistance to the inhibitors compared to the non/transformed culture,
while the rolB culture was more resistant to the treatment. The assumption was
made that the oncogenic potential of rol genes is realized through the
alteration of calcium balance in the plant cells. Anthraquinone production was
not inhibited in the non/transformed and transformed cultures by Ca2+ channel
blockers, as well as by diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, and
by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. These results indicate that the
induction of anthraquinone production in transgenic cultures does not involve
the activation of Ca2+/dependent NADPH oxidase pathway.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12946262 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
35: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003 Aug;51(8):948/50.
Cytotoxic anthraquinones from the stems of Rubia wallichiana Decne.
Wu TS, Lin DM, Shi LS, Damu AG, Kuo PC, Kuo YH.
Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
tswu@mail.ncu.edu.tw
From the stems of Rubia wallichiana DECNE, thirty/four structurally related
compounds were isolated and identified. Three of them, namely rubiawallin/A (1),
/B (2), and /C (3), constitute the first report of their occurrence from the
natural source. Their structures were determined by comprehensive analyses of
their 1D and 2D NMR, and electron impact (EI) mass spectral data. Furthermore,
an in vitro screening of cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was also
evaluated. Among the testing compounds,
1/hydroxy/2/hydroxymethyl/3/methoxyanthraquinone (4) demonstrated most effective
cytotoxicity towards Hepa/3B and Colo/205 cells.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12913233 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
36: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003 Jun;51(6):654/62.
Bioactive constituents from Chinese natural medicines. XI. inhibitors on NO
production and degranulation in RBL/2H3 from Rubia yunnanensis: structures of
rubianosides II, III, and IV, rubianol/g, and rubianthraquinone.
Tao J, Morikawa T, Ando S, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M.
Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
Three new arborinane/type triterpene glycosides, rubianosides II, III, and IV, a
new arborinane/type triterpene, rubianol/g, and a new anthraquinone,
rubianthraquinone, were isolated from a Chinese natural medicine, the roots of
Rubia yunnanensis. The structures of the new constituents including their
absolute configurations were determined on the basis of chemical and
physicochemical evidence. The inhibitory effects of the isolated constituents on
nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide/activated macrophages were
examined. Among them, a cyclic peptide constituent, RA/XII and its aglycon, RA/V
(deoxybouvadin), potently inhibited overproduction of nitric oxide and induction
of inducible nitric oxide synthase. In addition, an anthraquinone constituent,
2/methyl/1,3,6/trihydroxy/9,10/anthraquinone, was found to show inhibitory
effects on the release of beta/hexosaminidase in RBL/2H3 cells.
PMID: 12808242 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
37: Pharmazie. 2003 Mar;58(3):216/7.
Two new anthraquinones from the roots of Rubia cordifolia Linn.
Abdullah ST, Ali A, Hamid H, Ali M, Ansari SH, Alam MS.
Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India.
Two new anthraquinones, named cordifoliol and cordifodiol, have been isolated
from the roots of Rubia cordifolia. Their structures have been established as
1/hydroxy/3/ethyl/9,10/anthraquinone (1) and 1,8/dihydroxy/11, 20
(15/pentyl/naphthaquinonyl) phenanthrene (2) on the basis of spectral data
analyses and chemical reactions.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12685818 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
38: Phytomedicine. 2003 Jan;10(1):34/8.
Inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes/induced mediators of inflammation by
Indian herbs.
Jain A, Basal E.
Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical College, Lucknow, India.
amita602002@yahoo.com
Propionibacterium acnes, an anaerobic pathogen, plays an important role in the
pathogenesis of acne by inducing certain inflammatory mediators. These mediators
include reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro/inflammatory cytokines. In the
present study, ROS, interleukin/8 (IL/8) and tumor necrosis factor/alpha
(TNF/alpha) were used as the major criteria for the evaluation of
anti/inflammatory activity. To prove the anti/inflammatory effects of herbs,
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and monocytes were treated with culture
supernatant of P. acnes in the presence or absence of herbs. It was found that
Rubia cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Hemidesmus indicus, and Azadirachta indica
caused a statistically significant suppression of ROS from PMNL. Sphaeranthus
indicus caused a smaller, still significant suppression of ROS. Aloe vera had no
effect on ROS production. In the case of proinflammatory cytokine/induced
monocytes, maximum suppression was shown by Azadirachta indica and Sphaeranthus
indicus, followed by Hemidesmus indicus, Rubia cordifolia, and Curcuma longa.
Aloe vera showed insignificant inhibitory activity. Thus, these herbs shows
anti/inflammatory activity by suppressing the capacity of P. acnes/induced ROS
and pro/inflammatory cytokines, the two important inflammatory mediators in acne
pathogenesis.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12622461 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
39: J Biotechnol. 2002 Aug 28;97(3):213/21.
Effect of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon and cantharidin on
anthraquinone production by Rubia cordifolia callus cultures transformed with
the rolB and rolC genes.
Bulgakov VP, Tchernoded GK, Mischenko NP, Khodakovskaya MV, Glazunov VP,
Radchenko SV, Zvereva EV, Fedoreyev SA, Zhuravlev YN.
The Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences, Prosp. Stoletija, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
biotech@eastnet.febras.ru
It has been suggested that the rol genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes could play
an essential role in the activation of secondary metabolite production in plant
transformed cultures. This study investigated whether the content of
anthraquinone phytoalexins was changed in callus cultures of Rubia cordifolia
transgenic for the 35S/rolB and 35S/rolC genes in comparison with a
non/transformed callus culture. The anthraquinone content was shown to be
significantly increased in transgenic cultures, thus providing further evidence
that the rol/gene transformation can be used for the activation of secondary
metabolism in plant cells. Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid strongly
increased anthraquinone accumulation in both transgenic and non/transgenic R.
cordifolia calluses, whereas ethephon did not. A treatment of the cultures by
cantharidin, the protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor, resulted in massive induction
of anthraquinone accumulation in the transgenic cultures only. We suggest the
involvement of a cantharidin/sensitive protein phosphorylation mechanism in
anthraquinone biosynthesis in transgenic cultures.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12084477 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
40: J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Oct;77(2/3):209/17.
Screening of Chinese herbal drug extracts for inhibitory activity on nitric
oxide production and identification of an active compound of Zanthoxylum
bungeanum.
Tezuka Y, Irikawa S, Kaneko T, Banskota AH, Nagaoka T, Xiong Q, Hase K, Kadota
S.
Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
2630/Sugitani, Toyama 930/0194, Japan.
Sixty/eight water and methanol extracts from 34 Chinese herbal drugs, most of
which are used for inflammatory diseases, were screened for their inhibitory
effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/stimulated
J774.1 macrophages and in LPS/interferon (IFN)/gamma/stimulated mouse peritoneal
exudate macrophages. Among the extracts, methanol extracts of Myristica
fragrans, Plantago asiatica, Rubia cordifolia, and Zanthoxylum bungeanum showed
significant inhibition in J774.1 macrophages, while in mouse peritoneal exudate
macrophages, water extracts of Ru. cordifolia and Scutellaria baicalensis and
methanol extracts of Angelica megaphylla, My. fragrans, and Z. bungeanum
inhibited the NO production. Among them, inhibition of water extract of Sc.
baicalensis was found to be mainly due to direct scavenging of NO radicals,
through an examination of its scavenging activity on PAPA NONOate/generated NO
radicals, while water extract of Ru. cordifolia and methanol extracts of An.
megaphylla, My. fragrans, P. asiatica, and Z. bungeanum showed inhibition on
iNOS mRNA expression. At last, an inhibitory compound on iNOS mRNA expression
was isolated from a methanol extract of Z. bungeanum and identified as
4/O/beta/D/glucopyranosyldihydroferulic acid by NMR spectral analyses and
chemical synthesis.
PMID: 11535366 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
41: Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyusho Hokoku. 2000;(118):55/62.
[A 90/day repeated dose toxicity study of madder color in F344 rats: a
preliminary study for chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies]
[Article in Japanese]
Masutomi N, Shibutani M, Toyoda K, Niho N, Uneyama C, Hirose M.
masutomi@nihs.go.jp
A 90/day toxicity study of madder color was performed in F344 rats by feeding
the pellet diet containing 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5 and 5.0% of test substance to
clarify its toxic potential and to determine the dose levels for the following
chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies. Body weight gain and food consumption
were dose/dependently decreased at 1.2% or more in males and at 2.5% or more in
females throughout the experimental period. All animals were survived until the
end of experiment and subjected to autopsy. Hematologically, the following
parameters were fluctuated in relation to the treatment: decreases in the red
blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in females at 2.5% or more; increase of
platelets in males at 2.5% or more, and in females at 5%; increase in white
blood cells in males at 5%. Serum protein parameters were also affected by the
treatment in males at 1.2% or more and in females at all doses. Increase in the
serum calcium level was observed in males at 2.5% or more and in females at 5%.
Serum inorganic phosphorus level was also increased in males at 1.2% or more and
in females at 2.5% or more. At autopsy, both absolute and relative kidney
weights of females increased dose/dependently at 0.6% or more. Relative liver
weight in females also increased at 1.2% or more. Histopathologically,
microvesicular vacuolar degeneration of proximal tubules was observed in the
kidney of both sexes (males at 1.2% or more; females at 0.6% or more). In
addition, mononuclear cell infiltration (both sexes) and hyaline casts and
tubular regeneration (male) appeared in the kidney at 5%. In the female liver,
focal liver cell necrosis associated with mononuclear cell infiltration was
evident at 5%. The results demonstrate the toxic effects of madder color on the
liver (in females at 5%) and kidney (in males at 1.2% or more; in females at
0.6% or more) of F344 rats when treated orally for 90 days. In addition,
toxicities in hematopoietic system and/or bone would probably be appeared when
rats are treated with 1.2% or more of madder color for long/term over 90 days.
NOAEL was determined to be 0.6% in males, but could not be determined in females
under the condition of this study. Based on the results of this study, the dose
levels for subsequent chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies were
determined to be 0.2, 1.0 and 5.0%, and 2.5 and 5.0%, respectively.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 11534128 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
42: Anticancer Drugs. 2001 Jun;12(5):433/9.
Antitumor bicyclic hexapeptide RA/VII modulates cyclin D1 protein level.
Wakita Ki, Minami M, Venkateswarlu A, Sharma VM, Ramesh M, Akahane K.
New Product Research Laboratories III, Daiichi Pharmaceutical, Tokyo 134/8630,
Japan. wakitsstb@daiichipharm.co.jp
A bicyclic hexapeptide, RA/VII or O/methyl deoxybouvardin, isolated from Rubia
cordifolia, is known to inhibit protein biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo. We
here demonstrate that the treatment of human colon cancer DLD/1 cells with
RA/VII induces cell growth inhibition associated with a partial G1 arrest and a
rapid decrease (below 2 h) in the level of cyclin D1 protein. Since
cycloheximide, another protein synthesis inhibitor, neither decreased the amount
of cyclin D1 in the cells nor arrested cells in G1 phase, it is unlikely that
this RA/VII/induced reduction of cyclin D1 was fully dependent on its direct
inhibitory effect of protein synthesis. Northern blot analysis revealed that
RA/VII did not affect the level of cyclin D1 mRNA. Meanwhile, pre/treatment of
cells with lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, abolished the RA/VII/induced
decrease in cyclin D1. Moreover, RA/VII still decreased cyclin D1 protein in the
presence of cycloheximide. These results indicate that the RA/VII/induced cyclin
D1 decrease depends on cyclin D1 degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome
pathway and does not require additional protein synthesis. RA/VII might actively
proceed the degradation process of cyclin D1 via the ubiquitin/proteasome
pathway in DLD/1 cells.
PMID: 11395571 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
43: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Jul;38(7):675/80.
Anticonvulsant and behavioral actions of triterpene isolated from Rubia
cordifolia Linn.
Kasture VS, Deshmukh VK, Chopde CT.
M.V.P. Samaj's College of Pharmacy, Gangapur Road, Nashik 422 002, India.
Effect of a triterpene isolated from the acetone soluble part of petroleum ether
extract of R. cordifolia was studied on convulsions induced by maximum electro
shock (MES), electrical kindling and various chemoconvulsants in rats and mice.
The effect of triterpene was also investigated on behavior and
gamma/aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5/HT) content in mouse brain.
Triterpene inhibited seizures induced by MES, electrical kindling,
pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), and lithium/pilocarpine. However, seizures induced by
strychnine were not inhibited. Triterpene reduced locomotion as well as rearing.
Pentobarbitone induced sleep was potentiated and amphetamine induced stereotypy
was inhibited. The triterpene was found to possess anxiogenic activity. Brain
GABA and 5/HT contents were raised by the compound. The study suggests that the
triterpene isolated from R. cordifolia bear a potential for further study.
PMID: 11215310 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
44: Pharmazie. 2000 Apr;55(4):317/9.
Further quinoidal derivatives from Rubia cordifolia L.
Hassanean HA, Ibraheim ZZ, Takeya K, Itorawa H.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Egypt.
Two new quinoidal dimers, a new naphthohydroquinone anhydride, a known naphthoic
acid ester derivative and two known benzoic acid derivatives were isolated from
the chloroform fraction of a chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract of Rubia
cordifolia L. The identification of these compounds was based on spectral
analysis.
PMID: 10798249 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
45: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1998 Oct;35(5):313/6.
Comparison of the antioxidant action of the alcoholic extract of Rubia
cordifolia with rubiadin.
Tripathi YB, Sharma M.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
The inhibition of FeSO4 induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver by alcoholic
extract of Rubia cordifolia and by one of its constituent rubiadin (1,
3/dihydroxy/2/methyl anthraquinone) (pure form) has been compared. Both have
been found to inhibit lipid peroxidation in a dose dependent manner. Whereas the
former shows both oxidising and reducing properties with Fe2+ and Fe3+, the
latter shows oxidising property only by converting Fe2+ to Fe3+. The former
inhibits the oxidation of reduced glutathione while the latter does not.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 10410466 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
46: Phytomedicine. 1999 Mar;6(1):51/7.
The interaction of Rubia cordifolia with iron redox status: a mechanistic aspect
in free radical reactions.
Tripathi YB, Sharma M.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, India.
The present publication investigates the antioxidant property and mechanistic
aspect of alcoholic extract of R. cordifolia. The extract of R. cordifolia has
shown significant inhibitory effect on FeSO4 induced lipid peroxidation. Study
with iron redox status showed that R. cordifolia extract reduced or oxidixed;
Fe3+ or Fe2+ respectively, in a dose dependent manner. Results with superoxide
anion (O2/.) and hydroxyl radical (OH.), showed no radical scavenging activity.
The alcoholic extract significantly maintains the reduced glutathione content
both in time and dose dependent manner. It also reduced the rate of depletion of
reduced glutathione (GSH) level in presence of ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) and
cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). On the basis of these observations, it can be
concluded that the antioxidant property of R. cordifolia is due to a direct
interaction with iron.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 10228612 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
47: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1997 Jun;34(3):302/6.
Rubiadin, a new antioxidant from Rubia cordifolia.
Tripathi YB, Sharma M, Manickam M.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Rubiadin, a dihydroxy anthraquinone, isolated from alcoholic extract of Rubia
cordifolia, possesses potent antioxidant property. It prevents lipid
peroxidation induced by FeSO4 and t/butylhydroperoxide (t/BHP) in a dose
dependent manner. The per cent inhibition was more in the case of Fe2+ induced
lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant property of the preparation has been found
to be better than that of EDTA, Tris, mannitol, Vitamin E and p/benzoquinone.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 9425750 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
48: Plant Physiol. 1996 Apr;110(4):1145/1150.
The Composition of Metals Bound to Class III Metallothionein (Phytochelatin and
Its Desglycyl Peptide) Induced by Various Metals in Root Cultures of Rubia
tinctorum.
Maitani T, Kubota H, Sato K, Yamada T.
National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1/18/1, Setagaya, Tokyo 158,
Japan.
The induction of phytochelatins (PCs) and their desglycyl peptides (both are
referred to as class III metallothionein [CIIIMT]) by exposure to various metals
(Ag+, As3+, As5+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ga3+, Hg2+, In3+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, Se4+, and
Zn2+) and the metal composition in the CIIIMTs were investigated in root
cultures of Rubia tinctorum L. All of these metal species induced PCs to various
degrees when analyzed by the postcolumn derivatization high/performance liquid
chromatography method. The desglycyl peptides of PCs often were also present.
However, only Ag, Cd, and Cu were bound to the CIIIMTs that they induced when
analyzed by the high/performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled
plasma/atomic emission spectrometry method. Cu was also bound to the CIIIMTs
induced by Ag+, As3+, and Cd2+. After Ag+ exposure, an Fe peak that may be of
Fe/CIIIMT was also observed. However, most of the metal species studied were not
bound to the CIIIMTs that they induced.
PMID: 12226248 [PubMed / as supplied by publisher]
49: J Nat Prod. 1996 Mar;59(3):330/3.
Inhibition of hepatitis B surface antigen secretion on human hepatoma cells.
Components from Rubia cordifolia.
Ho LK, Don MJ, Chen HC, Yeh SF, Chen JM.
Department of Pharmacology, National Yang/Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,
Republic of China.
The antiviral activity in the roots of Rubia cordifolia was examined, and three
naphthohydroquinones, furomollugin (1), mollugin (2), and rubilactone (3), were
isolated from it. Compounds 1 and 2 strongly suppressed the secretion of
hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), both with IC50 = 2.0 micrograms/mL, in
human hepatoma Hep3B cells while having little effect on the viability of the
cells. Evaluation of structurally related derivatives of 1 and 2 revealed that a
6/hydroxy group and a pyran or furan ring contribute to this suppressive effect.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 8882438 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
50: J Pak Med Assoc. 1994 Apr;44(4):82/5.
Possible presence of calcium channel blocker(s) in Rubia cordifolia: an
indigenous medicinal plant.
Gilani AH, Janbaz KH, Zaman M, Lateef A, Suria A, Ahmed HR.
Department of Pharmacology, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi.
Crude extract of Rubia cordifolia (RC) was tested in isolated tissue
preparations for its possible calcium channel antagonistic activity. RC
suppressed the spontaneous contractions of guinea/pig atria, rabbit jejunum and
rat uterus in a concentration dependent manner (0.1/3 mg/ml). In rabbit aorta,
it inhibited norepinephrine (10 microM) and KCl (80 mM) induced contractions.
Replacement of physiological salt solution with calcium free solution abolished
the spontaneous movements of rabbit jejunum. However, addition of calcium (25
micrograms/ml) in the tissue bath restored the spontaneous movements. When the
tissues were pretreated with plant extract (1 mg/ml) or verapamil (0.5
microgram/ml), addition of calcium failed to restore spontaneous contractions.
These results indicate that the plant extract exhibits spasmolytic activity
similar to that of verapamil suggestive of presence of calcium channel blocker
like constituent(s) in this plant.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 8072127 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
51: Indian J Exp Biol. 1994 Mar;32(3):180/3.
Protective effect of Rubia cordifolia on lipid peroxide formation in isolated
rat liver homogenate.
Pandey S, Sharma M, Chaturvedi P, Tripathi YB.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) is an important component of the ayurvedic
system of medicine. It has a variety of uses such as blood purifier,
immunomodulant, antiinflammatory and anti/PAF. In this report the
anti/peroxidative property of the solvent free alcoholic extract of R.
cordifolia has been studied in rat liver homogenate. It prevents the cumene
hydroperoxide induced malondialdehyde formation in the dose and time dependent
manner. This effect is accompanied by the maintained reduced glutathione level
even in the presence of above toxin.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 8070838 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
52: Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 Feb;21(2):199/207.
[Study of cardiac function in first stage examination of RA/700. RA/700 Clinical
Study Group]
[Article in Japanese]
Yoshida F, Asai R, Majima H, Tsukagoshi S, Furue H, Suminaga M, Sakamoto K,
Niitani H, Murata A, Kurihara M, et al.
Dept. of Internal Medicine, Toyosu Hospital, Showa University School of
Medicine.
There are many studies in the literature on the subject of anti/neoplastic drugs
for acute and chronic cardiac toxic function. It is important to check
previously the cardiac toxicity of the new anti/neoplastic drugs. Now we have
had a chance to study the first stage examination of RA/700, isolated from Rubia
akane or Rubia cordifolia. Then we tried to study several kinds of parameters,
for instance ECG, ultrasonic cardiograms and arterio/grams on cardiac toxicities
of RA/700. We injected the first group of neoplastic patients only once with
RA/700, while in the second group, we injected them with RA/700 for 5
consecutive days (see our previous report.) In the present study, we made some
conclusions about the administration of RA/700. 1) Changes in cardiac function
were noted in both groups. 2) Changes in blood pressure, sigma QRS, ejection
fraction, and fractional shortening of the second group tended to be more
extreme than those of the first group. Care for continuity is a concern with
long/term and high doses of RA/700. 3) Because of the small sample, we could
find no relationship between the changes in cardiac function and the injection
doses of RA/700. 4) Therefore, the cardiac function must be checked by giving
anti/neoplastic drugs to neoplastic patients.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Clinical Trial, Phase I
English Abstract
Multicenter Study
PMID: 8311490 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
53: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1993 Oct;41(10):1869/72.
Anthraquinones, naphthohydroquinones and naphthohydroquinone dimers from Rubia
cordifolia and their cytotoxic activity.
Itokawa H, Ibraheim ZZ, Qiao YF, Takeya K.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
Further investigation of the roots of Rubia cordifolia resulted in the isolation
of four new naphthohydroquinones and two naphthohydroquinone dimers, and one
known naphthohydroquinone, one naphthoquinone, two anthraquinones and one
naphthohydroquinone dimer. The structures of these compounds were established by
various chemical and spectroscopic methods including two dimensional NMR
techniques. Also, the isolated compounds were submitted to a bio/assay for
cytotoxic and antitumor activity.
PMID: 8281583 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
54: Indian J Exp Biol. 1993 Jun;31(6):533/5.
Anti/platelet activating factor property of Rubia cordifolia Linn.
Tripathi YB, Pandey S, Shukla SD.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Rubia cordifolia is clinically used for the purification of blood by the
physicians of the Indian System of Medicine. For the first time, the effect of
the partially purified fraction of this whole plant has been studied on rabbit
platelets. It inhibits the platelet aggregation induced by PAF (platelet
activating factor) but not thrombin. It also inhibits the binding of 3H/PAF to
the platelets in the dose/dependent manner. Thus it appears that R. cordifolia
inhibits action of PAF at its receptor level either by it's blocking or by
desensitization.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 8406601 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
55: Phytochemistry. 1993 Jun;33(3):613/5.
Two antitumour bicyclic hexapeptides from Rubia cordifolia.
Takeya K, Yamamiya T, Morita H, Itokawa H.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
Two novel antitumour bicyclic hexapeptides, named RA/XV and /XVI, were isolated
from Rubia cordifolia and their structures were characterized by spectroscopic
and chemical means.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 7763798 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
56: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1993 Apr;41(4):781/3.
Conformational recognition of RA/XII by 80S ribosomes: a differential line
broadening study in 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Morita H, Yamamiya T, Takeya K, Itokawa H, Sakuma C, Yamada J, Suga T.
Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
1H NMR spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate specific binding of rat 80S
ribosomes to the major conformer of an antitumor bicyclic hexapeptidic
glucoside, RA/XII, isolated from Rubia cordifolia, in a fast exchange process.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
PMID: 8508481 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
57: Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1993 Apr;18(4):223/4, 254/5.
[Determination of trace elements in several hemostatic medicinal plants and
their boiling water extracts]
[Article in Chinese]
Lin XY, Li XL, Yang Y.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Xi' an Medical University.
The experimental results indicate that the amounts of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in Rubia
cordifolia and Agrimonia pilosa var. japonica are very small in boiling water
extracts (only 6%). But after digestion they may rise to 30%. It was found that
the amounts of four trace elements decreased with the increase of extracting
time, but the ratios of Mn/Zn and Zn/Cu were almost the same.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 8216788 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
58: Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1993 Jan;20(1):67/78.
[Phase I Study of RA/700. RA/700 Clinical Study Group]
[Article in Japanese]
Majima H, Tsukagoshi S, Furue H, Suminaga M, Sakamoto K, Wakabayashi R, Kishino
S, Niitani H, Murata A, Genma A, et al.
Chiba Cancer Center, Ichijokai Hospital.
An antitumor substance, RA/700, isolated from Rubia akane or Rubia cordifolia
has the novel structure. Phase I clinical study was conducted by the RA/700
clinical study group consisting of 6 institutions. A single dose administration
and 5/day schedule administration were evaluated with 14 patients respectively.
RA/700 was given from 0.2 to 1.4 mg/m2 in single i.v. dose study, from 0.4 to
2.0 mg/m2 in 5/day i.v. schedule study. Nausea and vomiting, fever, stomachache,
mild hypotension and slight abnormality of electric/cardiogram were observed as
the toxicities. In pharmacokinetic study, the elimination half/lives (t1/2) of
RA/700 in plasma were 55 min, of alpha/phase and 3.9 hrs. of beta/phase by
single dose study, and 23/25 min. of alpha/phase and 6/14 hrs. of beta/phase by
5/day schedule study. Accumulation was not found by 5/day schedule
administration, and metabolite were not observed in plasma and urine. It seems
that RA/700 is metabolized by the liver and excreted in the feces. In
conclusion, the maximum tolerated dose was 1.4 mg/m2 for 5/day schedule
administration.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Clinical Trial, Phase I
English Abstract
Multicenter Study
PMID: 8422188 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
59: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1992 Nov;40(11):2984/9.
Structures and conformations of metabolites of antitumor cyclic hexapeptides,
RA/VII and RA/X.
Itokawa H, Saitou K, Morita H, Takeya K, Yamada K.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
Metabolites of antitumor cyclic hexapeptides, RA/VII and /X which were isolated
from Rubia cordifolia were studied by hepatic microsomal biotransformation in
rats and in bile juice of rabbits to which these drugs were administered
intravascularly. Their structures and conformations were elucidated by
two/dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, temperature effect on NH
protons and nuclear Overhauser effect experiments. Specific N/demethylation of
Tyr/3, O/demethylation and hydroxylation at aromatic rings of Tyr/3 and /5 were
observed. Compared with metabolites of RA/VII, most of RA/X was excreted
unchanged in the bile juice. Relationship among their structures, conformations
and antitumor activities is also discussed.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 1477912 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
60: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1992 May;40(5):1352/4.
New antitumor bicyclic hexapeptides, RA/XI, /XII, /XIII and /XIV from Rubia
cordifolia.
Morita H, Yamamiya T, Takeya K, Itokawa H.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
Four new bicyclic hexapeptides, named as RA/XI, /XII, XIII and /XIV were
isolated from Rubia cordifolia and showed potent antitumor activities against
P/388. The structures were elucidated from spectroscopic and chemical evidences.
RA/XII, XIII and /XIV were proved to be unique bicyclic hexapeptidic glucosides.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 1394660 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
61: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1992 Apr;40(4):1050/2.
Solution forms of an antitumor cyclic hexapeptide, RA/VII in dimethyl
sulfoxide/d6 from nuclear magnetic resonance studies.
Itokawa H, Morita H, Takeya K.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
Using high/resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H/NMR) and carbon/13
nuclear magnetic resonance (13C/NMR) experiments, we have assigned three
discernible configurational isomers observed in dimethyl sulfoxide/d6 (DMSO/d6)
for an antitumor cyclic hexapeptide, RA/VII isolated from Rubia cordifolia. The
largest isomer, amounting to 64%, has been assigned as conformer A with only a
cis configuration between Tyr/5 and Tyr/6. The second configurational isomer,
accounting for 32%, has adopted cis configurations between both Tyr/5 and Tyr/6
and between Ala/2 and Tyr/3. The third isomer, amounting to 4%, was determined
to have cis configurations for all of the three N/methyl amide bonds.
PMID: 1525934 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
62: Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1992;27(4):279/82.
[Studies on naphthoic acid esters from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L]
[Article in Chinese]
Hua HM, Wang SX, Wu LJ, Li X, Zhu TR.
Research Department of Natural Drugs, Shenyang College of Pharmacy.
Four naphthoic acid esters including a new compound were isolated from the roots
of Rubia cordifolia L. The new one was named as rubilactone and its structure
was elucidated as 3'/carbomethoxy/4'/hydroxy/naphtho[1',2'/2,3] pyran/6/one (I)
based on the physicochemical properties and spectrometric analyses (UV, IR, MS,
1HNMR and 13CNMR). The other three were 3'/carbomethoxy/4'/hydroxy/naphtho
[1',2'/2,3] furan (II), dihydromollugin (III) and
3/carbomethoxy/2/(3'/hydroxy)isopentyl/1,4/naphthohydroquinone/1/O
/beta/D/glucoside (IV).
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 1442042 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
63: Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1992;27(10):743/7.
[Studies on anthraquinones from the roots of rubia cordifolia l]
[Article in Chinese]
Wang SX, Hua HM, Wu LJ, Li X, Zhu TR.
Research Department of Natural Drugs, Shenyang College of Pharmacy.
Seven anthraquinones were isolated from the ethyl alcohol extracts of the roots
of Rubia Cordifolia L. By means of spectrometric data combined with
physico/chemical properties, six of them were identified as
2/methyl/1,3,6/trihydroxy/9,10/anthraquinone (I),
1/hydroxy/9,10/anthraquinone(II), 1,2,4/trihydroxy/9,10/anthrequinone(III),
2/methyl/1,3,6/trihydroxy/9,10/anthraquinone/3/O/beta/D/glucoside(IV),
1,2/dijhydroxy/9,10/anthraquinone/2/O/beta/D/xylosyl(1//>6)/beta/D /glucoside(V)
and 1,3/dihydroxy/2/hydroxymethyl1/9,10/anthraquinone/3/O/beta/D/
xylosyl(1//>6)/beta/D/glucoside(VI). VII is a new compound. Its structure was
elucidated to be
2/methyl/1,3,6/trihydroxy/9,10/anthraquinone/3/O/beta/D/xylosyl(1//>2)/b eta/D/
(6'/O/acetyl)glucoside.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 1293920 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
64: Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1990;25(11):834/9.
[Studies on antibacterial constituents from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L.]
[Article in Chinese]
Qiao YF, Wang SX, Wu LJ, Li X, Zhu TR.
Department of National Products, Shenyang College of Pharmacy.
Twelve compounds were isolated from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L.. Nine of
them were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods to be alizarin
(I),1/hydroxy/2/methyl/9,10/anthraquinone(II),1,3,6/trihydroxy/2/methyl/
9,10/anthra/quinone/3/O/(6'/O/acetyl)/alpha/L/rhamnosyl(1/// /2)/beta/D/
glucoside(III),1,3,6/trihydroxy/2/methyl/9,10/anthraqueinone/3/O/a lpha/
L/rhamnosyl(1////2)/beta/D/glucoside(IV),1,3,6/trihydrozy/2/ methyl/9,10/
anthraquinone/3/O/(6'/O/acetyl)/beta/D/glucoside(V),2/carbomethyoxy++
+/3/prenyl/ 1,4/naphthohydroquinone
di/beta/D/glucoside(VI),rubimallin(VII),beta/ sitosterol(VIII) and
daucosterol(IX), among them, V is a nwe compound and IX was obtained from this
genus for the first time, III, VI and VII showed certain antibacterial
activities.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 2099091 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
65: Zhong Yao Tong Bao. 1988 Feb;13(2):7/9, 61.
[Pharmacognostical studies on the root of Rubia cordifolia var. pratensis Nakai
and R. sylvatica Nakai]
[Article in Chinese]
Wan XS, Xu SJ, Guo XZ, Zhang J.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
English Abstract
PMID: 3416391 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
66: Anticancer Res. 1987 May/Jun;7(3 Pt B):329/34.
Antitumor activity and toxicity in mice of RA/700, a cyclic hexapeptide.
Kato T, Suzumura Y, Takamoto S, Ota K.
The antitumor activity of RA/700, a cyclic hexapeptide isolated from Rubia
Cordifolia, was evaluated in comparison with deoxy/bouvardin and vincristine
(VCR). As regards the proliferation of L1210 cultured cells, the cytotoxicity of
RA/700 was similar to that of VCR but superior to that of deoxy/bouvardin. The
IC50 value of RA/700 was 0.05 mcg/ml under our experimental conditions. RA/700
inhibited the incorporation of 14C/leucine at a concentration at which no
effects were observed on the incorporation of 3H/thymidine and 3H/uridine in
L1210 culture cells in vitro. The antitumor activity of RA/700 was similar to
that of deoxy/bouvardin and VCR against P388 leukemia. Daily treatment with
RA/700 at an optimal dose resulted in 118% ILS. As with deoxy/bouvardin and VCR,
the therapeutic efficacy of RA/700 depends on the time schedule. RA/700 showed
marginal activity against L1210 leukemia (50% ILS), similar to that of
deoxy/bouvardin but inferior to that of VCR. RA/700 inhibited Lewis tumor growth
in the early stage after tumor implantation, whereas deoxy/bouvardin and VCR did
not. As regards toxicity, a slight reduction of peripheral WBC counts was
observed with the drug, but no reduction of RBC and platelet counts. BUN,
creatinine, GPT and GOT levels in plasma did not change with the administration
of the drug.
PMID: 3631886 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
67: Ann Pharm Fr. 1987;45(3):261/7.
[New anthraquinones of the roots of Rubia cordifolia L.]
[Article in French]
Vidal/Tessier AM, Delaveau P, Champion B.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 3434977 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
68: Ann Pharm Fr. 1986;44(2):117/22.
[New quinones from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L.]
[Article in French]
Vidal/Tessier AM, Delaveau P, Champion B.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 3777783 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
69: Gann. 1984 Oct;75(10):929/36.
Cell growth/inhibitory effects of derivatives of antitumor cyclic hexapeptide
RA/V obtained from Rubiae radix (V).
Itokawa H, Takeya K, Mori N, Takanashi M, Yamamoto H, Sonobe T, Kidokoro S.
Alkylehter and ester derivatives of the antitumor cyclic hexapeptide RA/V
obtained from the roots of Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) were synthesized and
bioassayed for activity against cultured tumor cells. RA/V and its n/hexylether
showed significant effects against human nasopharynx carcinoma (KB), P388
lymphocytic leukemia and MM2 mammary carcinoma cells. The activity values (log
1/IC50) of ether derivatives of RA/V gave an upward parabolic or bilinear
relationship when plotted against log P (P: partition coefficient determined
with the 1/octanol/water system) as the carbon number of the side chain at the
phenol moiety of RA/V was increased, the optimum log P values being in the range
from 3.5 to 4.9. The ester derivatives showed a similar relationship, the
optimum log P values being 6.3/6.7, which is higher than that of the ether
derivatives. The lethal effect of RA/V on KB cells was clearly different from
that of mitomycin C, and RA/V was concluded to be a "time/dependent drug" like
vinblastine.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 6510638 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
70: Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1983 Mar;3(2):98/9.
[Clinical observation on the increase of leukocyte count in leukopenia promoted
by diethylester Rubia cordifolia L.]
[Article in Chinese]
Zhang ZH.
PMID: 6224602 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
71: Biomed Pharmacother. 1982 Mar;36(2):104/5.
Effect of RC/18, a new anticancer principle isolated from Rubia cordifolia,
Linn. on cell cycle of P388 tumour system.
Adwankar MK, Chitnis MP.
Publication Types:
Letter
PMID: 7126774 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
72: Chemotherapy. 1982;28(4):291/3.
In vivo anti/cancer activity of RC/18: a plant isolate from Rubia cordifolia,
Linn. against a spectrum of experimental tumour models.
Adwankar MK, Chitnis MP.
Anti/tumour activity of RC/18, a pure isolate from Rubia cordifolia was
repeatedly tested in different sets of experiments on a spectrum of experimental
murine tumours, viz. P388, L1210, L5178Y, B16 melanoma, Lewis lung carcinoma and
sarcoma/180. RC/18 exhibited significant increase in life span of ascites
leukaemia P388, L1210, L5178Y and a solid tumour B16 melanoma. However, it
failed to show any inhibitory effect on solid tumours, Lewis lung carcinoma and
sarcoma 180. Promising results against a spectrum of experimental tumours
suggest that RC/18 may lead to the development of a potential anti/cancer agent.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 7116981 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
73: Indian J Exp Biol. 1980 Jan;18(1):102.
Anti/cancer activity of the extracts of Rubia cordifolia Linn. (NSC b668893).
Adwankar MK, Chitnis MP, Khandalekar DD, Bhadsavale CG.
PMID: 7399571 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
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